10.1 Description of valuation techniques

10.1 Description of valuation techniques

10.1.1. Debt securities and loans

Fair values of financial instruments are determined based on quotations available to the public on an active market or valuations published by an authorized information service; when no such quotations are available, using the valuation models applied to public quotations of financial instruments, interest rates and stock market indexes.

PZU Group makes internal verification of valuations published by an authorized information channel and compares them with available valuations from different sources, basing on observable market data.

The fair value of debt instruments for which an active market does not exist, and for loans, is measured using the discounted cash flow method. Discount factors are determined based on the yield curve of government bonds shifted by the credit spread. It is calculated as at the date of the latest issue in relation to the issue price, and leads to a parallel shift of the yield curve of government bonds at a fixed rate over its entire length, or as the difference between the yields of listed debt securities of issuers with a similar rating and operating in similar industries, and the yields of government bonds (in case of securities denominated in EUR, these account for bonds issued by the German government), multiplied by a ratio determined as at the date of the issue, which includes in the discount curve a specific risk of a given issuer.

10.1.2. Equity assets

Fair value of equity assets is determined based on quotations available to the public on an active market.

Fair values of participation units and investment certificates in investment funds are specified as per the values of the participation units and investment certificates in investment funds published by the investment fund companies. The valuation reflects the PZU Group’s share in net assets of these funds.

10.1.3. Derivative instruments

For derivatives listed on an active market, fair value shall be the closing price on the trading date.

The fair value of derivatives not listed on an active market including forwards and interest rate swaps (IRS) is determined using the discounted cash flows and the information used in the measurement of the instruments comes from the money market. Interest rate yield curves associated with a particular type of financial instrument and currency, constructed on the basis of available market data are used to discount cash flows.

The fair value of options related to the structured deposits is determined based on measurements of the option writers, considering verification of the measurements carried out by PZU Group based on internal measurement models.

10.1.4. Loan receivables from clients

In order to determine a change in fair value of receivables from clients (excluding overdrafts), the margins generated by newly granted credits (in the month preceding the data of preparation of consolidated financial statements) are compared with the margins from entire credit portfolio. When the margins from newly granted credits are higher than the ones generated by the current portfolio, the fair value of credit portfolio is lower than its carrying amount.

Credit receivables from clients have been classified in full to level III of fair value hierarchy due to the application of a valuation model with significant non-observed input data, i.e. current margins generated by newly granted credits.

10.1.5. Property measured at fair value

Depending on the characteristics of a given real property, its fair value is measured using the comparable, income or residual method.

With the comparable method available, development land and some smaller and less valuable buildings are measured (such as residential premises, garages etc.). The comparable method is based on the assumption that the fair value is determined by a reference to the observable market prices, including adjustment ratios. The adjustment ratios take into account such factors as the passage of time and market price change trends, location, exposure, intended use defined in the local development plan, availability of means of communication and transport, area, neighborhood (including location against attractive facilities), investment opportunities, physical conditions, ownership, etc.

The income method consists in estimating the fair value of real property based on discounted cash flows. The calculation takes into account such variables as the capitalization rate, rental fee level, maintenance cost level, vacancy provision, losses on exemptions from rental payment and delinquencies, etc. The level of the aforementioned variables differs depending on the characteristics and intended use of the real property measured (office space, commercial space, logistic and warehouse space), its modernity and location (transport, distance from the city center, availability, exposure etc.), as well as local market parameters (such as the capitalization rate, rental fee, maintenance costs).

The residual method is used to determine the market value if the real property is to undergo construction work. The fair value of the real property is defined as the difference in value of the real property after the execution of construction works and average values of the cost of these works, including the revenues attained by similar properties on the market.

Fair value measurement of real property is performed by licensed appraisers. Approval of each measurement is additionally preceded by an inspection carried out by employees of the PZU Group entities aimed at eliminating potential errors and inconsistencies. Any doubts are clarified as they arise.

Investment property is measured in accordance with the following rules:

• properties held by investment funds being PZU’s subsidiaries – measured on a semi-annual basis – as at the last day of each year half and the financial year;
• investment property held by the PZU Group entities – the most valuable items are measured if indications of a possible significant change in value occur (most frequently, on an annual basis). Regardless of the value, each investment property is measured at least once every 5 years;
• properties held for sale – measured before being actively exposed on the market.

10.1.6. Financial liabilities

10.1.6.1. Liabilities from deposits

Since deposits are collected as part of current activity on a daily basis, their conditions are similar to the current market conditions of identical transactions, and their time to maturity is short. Therefore, it is assumed that the fair value of liabilities to clients with maturity of up to 1 year does not differ significantly from their carrying amount.

10.1.6.2. Liabilities arising from the issue of own debt instruments and subordinated liabilities

Fair value of liabilities arising from the issue of own debt instruments, including subordinated liabilities, is determined as the current value of expected payments based on the current percentage curves and the current credit spread.

10.1.6.3. Liabilities arising from unit-linked investment contracts

Liabilities arising from unit-linked investment contracts are measured in accordance with fair value of the assets which cover liabilities of a capital fund associated with a given investment contract.

10.1.6.4. Liabilities to participants of consolidated investment funds

Liabilities to participants of consolidated investment funds are measured at the fair value of the assets of the investment fund (based on the share in the net assets of the investment fund).

10.1.6.5. Liabilities arising from securities lending

Liabilities arising from securities lending for short sell purpose are measured at the fair value of lended securities.